Chances are, it's the single quotes. They should only go around strings. So,
CODE
Dim sqlString As String = "SELECT Picture_Path FROM tblPicture WHERE Product_ID = " & pictureID
Also, if you're using a DataAdapter, you should worry about opening a connection. Consider putting the connection in it's own method as well. e.g.
CODE
Private Function GetNewConnection() As OleDbConnection
Dim databasePath As String = "C:\PictureDB\PictureDB.mdb"
Return New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" + databasePath)
End Function
Private Function GetImage(ByVal imageID As Integer, ByVal pictureID As Integer) As String
Dim path As String
Dim sqlString As String = "SELECT Picture_Path FROM tblPicture WHERE Product_ID = " & pictureID
Dim adapter As OleDbDataAdapter = New OleDbDataAdapter(sqlString, GetNewConnection())
Dim picture As DataSet = New DataSet
adapter.Fill(picture, "Pictures")
Return picture.Tables.Item(0).ToString
End Function
Private Function GetImage(ByVal imageID As Integer) As String
Dim pictureID As Integer = ComboBox1.Text
Return GetImage(imageID, pictureID)
End Function
Hope this helps.